Israel’s extrajudicial killings have become symbolic of its disregard for international law and the culture of impunity that surrounds these breaches. Extrajudicial killings are nothing new in Israel’s nearly forty-year-old occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, together constituting the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT). This background brief focuses on Israeli extrajudicial killings throughout the OPT between January and October 2006. Such killings continue today, as seen in the recent attacks on Gaza during the “Autumn Clouds” operation, creating an environment of constant fear that feeds into the seemingly never-ending cycle of violence.